摘 要：
中国志愿服务参与率持续上升，但不同服务领域之间的供给结构是否与社会需求相匹配？这一问题关乎志愿服务的公平性与社会效益。本研究基于中国社会状况综合调查（CSS）2019年和2021年数据，分析了12类志愿服务领域的参与率与需求率，从“需求—供给”匹配视角揭示了中国志愿服务资源配置的领域分化格局。研究发现：第一，志愿服务领域呈现显著的“选择性供给”——低门槛、高动员便利性、高可见度的领域（例如环境保护）供给相对充足，而高门槛、长周期、高情感负荷的弱势群体服务领域（例如老年关怀、医疗护理、法律援助）则面临严重的“高需求—低供给”困境，供需缺口高达16至22个百分点；第二，选择性供给由动员成本、专业化门槛和可见度—议题设置三个相互强化的机制共同驱动；第三，这一格局导致“需求越迫切的群体，获得的服务越少”的马太效应，有违志愿服务的公平性初衷。研究验证了Salamon志愿失灵理论在中国情境的适用性，并提出了“选择性供给”这一中层分析概念，作为对Salamon志愿失灵理论在中国情境下的操作化延伸与情境化补充。基于上述发现，建议建立需求导向的资源配置机制、健全专业培训与认证体系、优化激励结构、提升弱势群体服务议题的可见度，并深化志愿服务与社会工作的制度化协作。
关键词：志愿服务；供需错配；选择性供给；弱势群体；马太效应
Abstract:
The participation rate in volunteer services in China continues to rise, but does the supply structure across different service domains match social demand? This question is crucial to the fairness and social effectiveness of volunteer services. Based on data from the Chinese Social Survey (CSS) conducted in 2019 and 2021, this study analyzes the participation rates and demand rates across twelve types of volunteer service domains. From the perspective of demand-supply matching, the study reveals a domain-differentiated pattern in the allocation of volunteer service resources in China. The findings are threefold. First, there is significant“selective supply”in volunteer service domains: fields with low entry barriers, high mobilization convenience, and high visibility (e.g., environmental protection) receive relatively ample supply, while services for vulnerable groups that require high entry barriers, long-term commitment, and high emotional labor (e.g., elderly care, medical care, legal aid) suffer from a severe“high demand - low supply” dilemma, with supply-demand gaps as large as 16 to 22 percentage points. Second, selective supply is driven by three mutually reinforcing mechanisms: mobilization costs, professionalization thresholds, and visibility/agenda-setting effects. Third, this pattern leads to a Matthew effect whereby“those with the most urgent needs receive the fewest services,”contradicting the original equity goals of volunteer services. The study validates the applicability of Salamon’s voluntary failure theory in the Chinese context and proposes the middle-range analytical concept of “selective supply”as an operational extension and contextual supplement to that theory in China. Based on the findings, the study recommends establishing a demand-oriented resource allocation mechanism, improving professional training and certification systems, optimizing incentive structures, raising the visibility of services for vulnerable groups, and deepening the institutionalized collaboration between volunteer services and social work.
Keywords: Volunteer service; Demand-supply mismatch; Selective supply; Vulnerable groups; Matthew effect
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